Global IssuesENVIRONMENT: New Maritime Rules Target Oil Spills in Antarctica
The ships that bring thousands of tourists to Antarctica to take in some of the most pristine landscapes in the world will have to adapt to new marine environmental standards, which could be stricter than those requested by the members of the Antarctic Treaty.
The International Maritime Organisation's (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee proposed a change to an annex of the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships that would ban the transport and use of heavy grade oil, bitumen, and tar by sea craft in Antarctic waters.
The Committee approved the proposal at its last meeting, held Jul. 13-17 in London. But its adoption, which could include further modifications, will be decided at the next session, in March 2010.
In any case, the ships that travel to Antarctica will be subject to stricter rules beginning in 2011, requiring them to use only light fuel, which is more costly but less polluting.
Light fuel evaporates more easily, so the risks of environmental damage are reduced in the case of an accident or oil spill. In the Antarctic, this can happen, for example, if a ship runs into a giant iceberg.
In the last 16 years, Antarctic tourist traffic has increased more than seven-fold. In the 1992-1993 season, 35 cruise ships reached the frozen continent's coasts. By the 2008-2009 southern summer season, the total jumped to 258. In the 2007-2009 period, five accidents were reported.
In 2007, the cruise ship Explorer ran into an iceberg less than 100 kilometres from the Antarctic Peninsula. Its passengers were rescued in lifeboats, but the ship sank. It carried 185,000 litres of marine diesel, a lighter fuel, which prevented it from becoming an even worse environmental disaster, according to experts.
The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, based in Buenos Aires, has been pushing for tighter regulation of cruise ships for years. The 1959 treaty has 28 consultative members, who conduct 'important scientific research' on the continent, and another 18 non-consultative members, who attend meetings but do not have voting powers.
'In 2005, the Treaty's consultative parties proposed to the IMO that it should ban the use of heavy fuels in the Antarctic, and in July of this year the organisation made an even more demanding proposal,' Rodolfo Sánchez, environmental management director at Argentina's National Directorate for the Antarctic, told Tierramérica.
The National Directorate for the Antarctic boats use only light fuel, said Sánchez, but many tourism ships use heavy fuel until they reach Antarctica, when they switch to a lighter fuel. But the ban would extend also to fuel supplies on board.
The only boats that would be exempt from the standards are those that carry out search and rescue or safety operations, according to the amended proposal, to which Tierramérica had access.
Sánchez said the IMO recommended that its member countries study the potential effects of the new rules so that they can make suggestions for further changes.
'We want better protection of Antarctica and regulated tourism, but the tourism industry and some countries with national research programmes in the area, like the United States, have some reservations about the regulations, and I think we should listen to them,' he said.
The Argentine official believes the final decision should be made 'by consensus' and suggested, for example, a longer grace period for the Antarctic cruise lines to adapt to the new requirements.
However, Javier Figueroa, the Argentine Foreign Ministry's alternate commissioner to the International Whaling Commission and the official responsible for IMO affairs, interprets the resolution as a ban on the use and transport of heavy fuel in Antarctic waters - with no room for modifications.
'The trans-Atlantic ships carry heavy fuel, which is highly polluting, and we agree that if tourists continue to travel to Antarctica we should restrict the traffic to vessels that use light fuel,' Figueroa told Tierramérica.
The commissioner noted that at the London meeting the shipping organisations opposed the new regulations and requested more time, but the Committee of the IMO a United Nations body - stood firm on the 2011 deadline.
In Figueroa's opinion, the new regulations will benefit the preservation of Antarctica and will not jeopardise tourism.
'Tourism in Antarctica is here to stay. The new standards might affect the cost of the trips, which now range from 5,000 to 6,000 dollars, but the tourist who wants to visit that destination will be willing to pay the difference,' he said.
From the Antarctica Bureau of the southern Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego, Guadalupe Ocampo told Tierramérica that some 40,000 visitors reached Antarctica last season, and a similar number is expected for the next.
The visitors will travel on 37 ships of different sizes to the continent to see its unique scenery and fauna. 'Not all have permits to allow the passengers to disembark,' explained Ocampo. Visitors on ships carrying up to 500 people are limited to spending just one hour on land.
Cruise ships with larger numbers of passengers can only navigate near the coast, among the ice floes, without allowing people to disembark.
Like Figueroa, Ocampo believes the new regulations will have little effect on the tourism industry. 'Because of the destination and the cost, it is a very selective type of tourism. These tourists won't stop coming if the price of the ticket goes up,' she said.
Meanwhile, environmental organisations welcome the changes to the regulations.
'The measures that benefit the preservation of the Antarctic waters and ecosystems also put the brakes on the whaling ships that hunt for presumably scientific ends,' Roxana Steimberg, with the Argentine branch of the Whale Conservation Institute, told Tierramérica.
According to reports from the International Whaling Commission, each year Japan kills approximately 1,000 whales. In 2007, its notorious whaling ship Nisshin Maru, which uses heavy fuel, suffered an explosion and fire on board while in Antarctic waters.
(*This story was originally published by Latin American newspapers that are part of the Tierramérica network. Tierramérica is a specialised news service produced by IPS with the backing of the United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank.)
© Inter Press Service (2009) — All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service